The Migraine Patient’s Handbook: Symptoms, Triggers & Treatments

What is Migraine? Beyond a Simple Headache

A migraine is more than just a severe headache; it is a complex neurological disease. Unlike a typical headache, a migraine attack can be debilitating and often involves a variety of symptoms beyond pain. These can include throbbing head pain, usually on one side, as well as nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light, sound, and smells. Migraine attacks can last for hours or even days, significantly impacting a person’s quality of life. Understanding migraine as a chronic illness, not just a symptom, is the first step toward effective management and treatment.

The Phases of a Migraine Attack

A migraine attack typically progresses through four distinct phases, although not every person experiences all of them. The first phase is the prodrome, or pre-headache phase, which can occur one or two days before the pain begins. Symptoms may include mood changes, neck stiffness, and frequent yawning. The second phase is the aura, which can include visual disturbances like flashing lights or zigzag lines. The third and most recognized phase is the headache itself, where the throbbing pain and other symptoms are at their most intense. Finally, the postdrome phase, or “migraine hangover,” can leave a person feeling drained, confused, or exhausted for up to a day after the pain subsides.

Understanding Triggers and Treatment Options

A wide variety of factors can trigger a migraine attack, and identifying these triggers is a crucial part of managing the condition. Common triggers include stress, certain foods or drinks (like aged cheese, processed meats, or red wine), changes in sleep patterns, and hormonal fluctuations. Treatment for migraine is generally divided into two categories: acute treatment and preventive treatment. Acute treatments, such as over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription triptans, are used to stop an attack once it has started. Preventive treatments, including certain medications and lifestyle changes, are taken regularly to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.